The Black Death Essays - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic, Epidemics

The Black Death The Black Death The Black Death was one of the most severe plagues in its time. I am going to talk about the Black Death, which is also known as The Black Plague and The Bubonic Plague. The main area I will cover is What the affects of the Black Plague was and how is spread. The presenting symptoms of the Black Death are shivering, vomiting, headaches, giddiness, an intolerance to light, pain in the back and limbs, and a white coating on the tongue. A fever of between 103 and 106 occurs immediately. Within 24 hours coughing starts, then becomes spitting up blood. The plague is an acute disease, meaning it normally doesn't last a long time. Also, if you recover from having it you will be immune to it for the rest of your life. The Black Death is caused by the infectious agent Yersinia Pestis, also known as Pasteurella Pestis. Yersinia Pestis is a bacteria. There are two types of bacteria cells, gram-negative and gram-positive. Yersinia Pestis is gram-negative. This makes antibiotics less effective on the plague because gram-negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide layer over their walls that add extra protection. The lymphatic system is the system most greatly affected by the Black Death. Plague victims are notorious for having large bumps on their body called "buboes". These are in fact swollen lymph nodes filled with puss. When healthy, the lymph nodes are soft and can't be easily seen, but the spread of infection causes them to harden and become painful. They are large and obtrusive, and they sometimes turn black. This is due to breaking blood vessels, which then dry on the surface of the body, causing black bumps on the body. The largest concentrations of lymph nodes are in the neck, armpits, and groin. These epicenters swell when a person is ill because the body makes a large number of white blood cells to fight off whatever pathogen has entered the body. Lymph contains many white blood cells that help fight cancer causing and disease organisms. The "electron transport chain" function in the body is necessary to make basically all things happen in the body. Yersinia pestis releases a toxin into the body that inhibits this function from happening. So the bacteria stop the body in its tracks. This doesn't involve the lymphatic system, but is another way the plague affects the body. In the Middle Ages, people weren't sure how the plague was being spread so quickly. Now we know that fleas spread the plague. The bacterium, called Yersinia Pestis, makes its way to the upper digestive tract of the flea where it breeds and multiplies. When the flea finds a new host and drinks the blood, it regurgitates the bacteria into the host, thus infecting the host. Many people think that rats spread the Plague. This is partly true. Rats are not the direct infectors of the Plague; they are merely hosts for the fleas carrying the bacteria. The Plague can be spread through any rodent or animal that could get fleas. So the rat, cat, or prairie dog that has fleas could be considered a vector for the disease. Rodents can carry the plague, but it does not affect them, they can then pass it on to humans who will most likely die. Once the bacterium is regurgitated into the new host, it begins to multiply in the blood stream and the lymphatic system. The Bacterium travels to the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and brain, basically attacking the whole body at once. The system that the plague has the largest effect on is the lymphatic system, because that is where the most bacteria multiplies. As the lymph nodes swell with puss, the disease circulates through the blood stream and creates the possibility of hemorrhaging and lots of other things. The history of the bubonic plague is a sad one. Three major pandemics have occurred during the 6th, 14th, and 17th centuries. The first outbreak was known as the Plague of Justinian, named after the Byzantine emperor Justinian. 70,000 people died from the plague in Constantinople over two years. From there, the plague was transmitted to France and Italy over trade routes, causing small outbreaks for many years. The effects of this outbreak were on a large scale. In the 14th century, the worst plague of all time occurred, starting in China. This outbreak became known as the Black Death. From China, the plague spread to Europe by two routes. Because China was a major trading center, the plague easily spread on ships. Also, the Tartars carried the plague closer to Europe and

Intolerance essays

To Kill a Mockingbird-Tolerance/Intolerance essays In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, there was tolerance and intolerance from the people of Maycomb County towards different races. Harper Lee shows us the type of intolerance in the novel. She also shows us signs of hope in the plot and characterization. There were types of intolerance in the novel that were clearly stated. For an example, there was intolerance between the white and black people. The main quarrel that stands out in my mind is between Mr. Ewell and Tom Robinsons family. Mr. Ewell clearly did not like the black people. This is proven in what he did to Tom. He accused Tom of raping and beating his daughter, Mayella Ewell, when it was actually he. In addition, after they had the trial, Mr. Ewell killed Tom Robinson. He was also hateful towards Toms wife; threatening her that she had better not walk in front of his house or he would kill her. Another issue of intolerance was towards the Finch family. No one liked them or cared for them in the town because they supported black people. The only people that talked to them were their close neighbors. Many cases of intolerance can be proven in the novel. One is through the jury. They knew that Tom was innocent, and Atticus had proven it clear as day for the jury. Yet, they still convicted him just because he was a black man. Therefore, he sat in jail waiting for a higher court to announce his sentence. Next thing you know is someone flips out and kills him. In addition, Bob Ewell threatens time and time again that he will get Atticus Finch if it is the last thing he does. The reason for this confrontation is that Atticus was Toms lawyer. Bob was furious with Atticus for defending Tom and continuing to be of service to his family after he was murdered. In addition, another type of intolerance was towards the town drunk. People judged him that way because he always carried around a bottle in a paper s ...

Development of Computing Networking for the Company Term Paper

Development of Computing Networking for the Company - Term Paper Example LANs offer users several advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and other applications. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news, and opinions. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet, either through an online service like AOL or through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP). The intranet is as "An infrastructure based on Internet standards and technologies that supports sharing of content within a limited and well-defined group." The "infrastructure" referred to the organizational and management infrastructure that created, managed, and shared the content. The physical network is based on the Internetworking Protocol (IP) like the Internet. The intranet is as "An infrastructure based on Internet standards and technologies that supports sharing of content within a limited and well-defined group." The "infrastructure" referred to the organizational and management infrastructure that created, managed, and shared the content. The physical network is based on the Internetworking Protocol (IP) like the Internet.